Product Overview
the IL1RL1 gene ST2 is a member of the toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor superfamily that exists in both membrane-bound (ST2 ligand) and soluble circulating forms (sST2). The cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) is the ligand for this receptor and soluble ST2 levels reflect IL-33 dependent cardioprotective signaling. ST2 is selectively expressed on T helper type 2 cells (TH2), regulatory T cells (Treg), mast cells, and cardiomyocytes. Soluble ST2 (sST2) sequesters IL-33, does not signal, and functions as a decoy receptor. ST2 is now well-recognized as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of cardiac stress in acute heart failure. Elevated ST2 levels indicate severe adverse cardiac remodeling and tissue fibrosis in response to myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or worsening heart failure. ST2 responses are independent of other cardiac biomarkers such as highly sensitive troponin, GDF-15, BNP, NT-proBNP, and galectin-3. ST2 is a mediator of inflammation in several diseases including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and collagen disease. The reference range for sST2 is significantly higher in normal men (8.6–49.3 ng/mL) than women (7.2–33.5 ng/mL).
References:
Anand IS, Rector TS, Kuskowski M, Snider J, Cohn JN. Prognostic value of soluble ST2 in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 May;7(3):418-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.001036. Epub 2014 Mar 12. PMID: 24622243.
Ky B, French B, McCloskey K, Rame JE, McIntosh E, Shahi P, Dries DL, Tang WH, Wu AH, Fang JC, Boxer R, Sweitzer NK, Levy WC, Goldberg LR, Jessup M, Cappola TP. High-sensitivity ST2 for prediction of adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2011 Mar;4(2):180-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958223. Epub 2010 Dec 22. PMID: 21178018; PMCID: PMC3163169.
Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, De Keulenaer GW, MacGillivray C, Tominaga S, Solomon SD, Rouleau JL, Lee RT. Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002 Dec 3;106(23):2961-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000038705.69871.d9. PMID: 12460879; PMCID: PMC1460012.
Griesenauer B, Paczesny S. The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol. 2017 Apr 24;8:475. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00475. PMID: 28484466; PMCID: PMC5402045.